In the spatial dimension, measurement of motion is allowed in an infinite number of directions. No matter what directions you choose there can only exist, three directions that are perpendicular to each other. These three perpendicular directions may be rotated an infinite number of directions. No matter the rotation of direction, any point or motion in the spatial dimension may be stated using any three perpendicular directions. Any three perpendicular directions are considered dimensions relative to each other.

Within the spatial dimension, there is freedom of action in an infinite number of directions. Of all the infinite number of directions, only three directions, with reference to each other, can have actions that are independent of the other two directions. Dimensions are a relationship of a direction to other directions. For a direction to be considered a dimension with respect to any other direction or dimension the two directions must show some form of independence from each other.

In the spatial dimension, it is recognized that a force may only be applied in one direction at a time and an object can only move in one direction at a time. From observation, we see that a forces applied perpendicular to each other will not move an object in a direction perpendicular to the applied force.

This uniqueness of perpendicularity is a description and definition of dimension.


Dimensions are not just mathematical functions. Dimensions have physical properties of independence to each other. An action in the X direction will have no direct effect on either the Y or the Z direction. In everyday life, we equate the effect of one direction on the result in a different direction caused by linking objects. If you have a ball that goes up and down in the Y direction, you will see no change in the X direction. If you use a linking object that causes the ball to curve as it goes up and down you can now show a change in X with a change in Y.

The independence of dimensions is also seen in the polarization of light, the electromagnetic transfer of energy and the field produced by a charged particle.

Directions in the spatial dimensions can not be considered totally independent because the spatial dimension is limited to transition in only one direction and limits the speed of that direction to the speed of light. The vector sum of transition can not exceed the speed of light.

Time is considered an independent dimension with respect to the spatial dimension because it meets the above definition of a dimension. All actions in the spatial dimension in any direction are always perpendicular to time. The relationship is stated as velocity.

When stating the relationship between any objects or functions in space and time, time must be considered as a dimension. When considering time as a dimension the value of ( C ) the speed of light must be included. The inclusion of ( C ) is required because of the transitory nature of time. The requirement of the inclusion of the speed of light, in order to mathematically work, says that the transitory nature of light is equal to the speed of light. This of course can not be called velocity since velocity is the change of distance with time. This is why I have used the term tlocity.

All dimensions or directions are the same and actions in any dimensions will show the same properties if applied to any other dimension.

The time dimension has no special properties. Time appears different to us because we are in constant motion in the time dimension. From second to second our position in the time dimension changes by ( c ).

This is why we must state the position of any object using x,y,z and –ct. The position ct is minus from our viewpoint of moving at ct. If viewed from outside, the transition in the time dimension ct is positive.

Our transition in the time dimension started with the Big Bang and we have been moving outward from the Big Bang at a rate equal to the speed of light for about 15 billion years. All observation indicates that what we see as the expansion of the universe is this outward transition in the time dimension.